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THE FORUM FOR AUTOMATION AND MANUFACTURING PROFESSIONALS

Enterprise Architecture to fight the 2nd law of Thermodynamics Jean Vieille Control Chain Group
j.vieille@controchaingroup.com

Jean Vieille

Copyright © 2008 WBF. All rights reserved.

1

Agenda

· Introduction · Physics · The Industrial Enterprise System · Enterprise Architecture · ISA88/95 manufacturing modeling framework · Conclusion

Jean Vieille

Copyright © 2008 WBF. All rights reserved.

2

Information in Industrial Enterprise

· Information flood, addiction · Common paradigm:
Enterprise System

· Computer + network + databases + software = IS · Information System serves the Enterprise system
Information System

· WBF EU2008: Closing the gap between IT and
manufacturing
Nature

· Need for a symbiotic approach more conform to the
Jean Vieille
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3

Relative importance of IT in Enterprises

· Service, Banks, Insurance companies · Industry
· Objective return on investment

· The sold items are virtual = intrinsically Informational · IT is the production asset = investment · The sold items are physical · IT is a supporting utility = operating expense · What is the true IT importance?
workforce (and associated costs)

· How to justify expenses? Feeling, assumptions, hopes... · Hard benefits of early automation: eliminated biological

Jean Vieille

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4

Sustainable development and environment

· Industry is a major component in the Earth eco·
system Fast rise of enterprises « Social Responsibility » concern

· Cares about social, environmental and economical ·
footprints Various motivations

Jean Vieille

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5

Enterprise as a scientific subject

· · ·

Largely studied subject

· · · · · ·

Academic studies often stays at the "Valid philosophy" stage Intuitive, simple, common sense approaches (6 Sigma, Lean management, Theory of Constraints) more successful Market, Shareholders, bankers, environmentalists, economics constraints => genial intuitive managers Help achieving short term "reasonable" objectives & long term sustainable evolution Converge to Information
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Enterprises intuitive management

Leveraging relevant physics principles

Jean Vieille

6

Agenda

· Introduction · Physics · The Industrial Enterprise System · Enterprise Architecture · ISA88/95 manufacturing modeling framework · Conclusion

Jean Vieille

Copyright © 2008 WBF. All rights reserved.

7

Chaos

· The nature is not deterministic · Chaos in space · Chaos in Time

· Not everything is written · Surprises are needed for the fun... and for evolution · What is the length of French Brittany shores? · The "Butterfly Effect"

· Enterprise are chaotic
law..

· As most natural systems · Unpredictable events, Unexpected outcomes ­ Murphy's
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Jean Vieille

8

Complexity

· Doesn't mean "complicated"

· Interaction : Many components interacting non linearly · Chaotic : makes the system capable of improvements · Spanning several scales : Plants, Area, Work centres, · · ·

Units, Drives Emerging properties / behaviour : properly driven machine and appropriate knowledge can elaborate a product unknown from the machine perspective Self organization, adaptability, ultimately selfreproduction Involves Cooperation/Competition, Internally/Externally
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Jean Vieille

9

Entropy

·

The 2 laws of Thermodynamics: In a closed systems
1. Total energy does not change 2. Temperatures tend to equilibrium: part of the energy mutes in a non usable form because of "Entropy"

3 Interpretations

· · ·

Irreversibility: engines produce unrecoverable heat

·

The Arrow of Time: Closed systems entropy always increases as the Universe's

·

Measure of the disorder: Kid's room, engineer desk... Measure of ignorance: We are part of the system: Disorder prevents understanding At the expense of the surrounding system
10

Entropy of an open system can increase or decrease

·

Jean Vieille

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Information Physics

· Information is the ultimate science · Could be a primary material of the Universe... · Information Entropy (Shannon)
information processing.

· Allows to build other sciences

· Particles interactions, particles themselves... · Grinbaum: Time = Ignorance (= Entropy?)

· The minimum length of a message for a given meaning · Affected by coding, noise, redundancy · Could be generalized to measure the "effectiveness" of
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Jean Vieille

11

Energy and Information

· Information processing consumes energy
maximum

· Does not produce any energy: thermodynamic entropy is · Information "applied" to a system increases its knowledge, its
order = reduces its entropy

· Information conveys ordering power, "Negentropy"
effectiveness of this process
Energy Information Processing

· Generalized Information entropy represents the entropic
Energy

Negentropy

System

Energy

Entropy
Jean Vieille

Losses

Entropy

Losses
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12

Systemics / Cybernetics

·

Systemics studies Open, Complex systems

· · · · · · ·

System: Set of elements in dynamic interrelation that are organised for a given purpose (J. De Rosnay) Open system: Interacts with its environment

·

=/ Closed system: no matter/energy I/Os

Complex system: the whole more than its parts, chaos... Opposes to (or complement) Cartesian, analytic approach Particularly applied in sociology, biology and environment Is basically about control loops... Complex systems are full of them!

·

Cybernetics is part of systemics

Jean Vieille

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13

Agenda

· Introduction · Physics · The Industrial Enterprise System · Enterprise Architecture · ISA88/95 manufacturing modeling framework · Conclusion

Jean Vieille

Copyright © 2008 WBF. All rights reserved.

14

Enterprise is an Open, Complex System

· Physical interactions:

· Noospherical interactions:
enterprises

· Earth, other Enterprises, internal Resources · Goals of the World, Humanity, Humans, Owners, other · Nations, NGOs, Trade unions, Family

· Social interactions:

· Obeys to cybernetics' laws (i.e. PID)
Jean Vieille
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15

Industry eco-system
Agriculture Food Industry Food Biological-natural machinery

Work

Maintenance of Social Organization Industry

Uranium

Energy Industry
Oil, Gas, Nuclear, Wind, Sun, hydraulic

Usable energy

Mechanical-artificial machinery

Inspired by J. de Rosnay, Le Macroscope

Jean Vieille

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16

Industry Economics

From J. de Rosnay, Le Macroscope

Jean Vieille

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17

The enterprise black box: Energy Chain

Negentropy

Negentropy

Negentropy

Negentropy
Biological

Energy Enterprise Energy
es Entropy oss L

Logistics Energy Enterprise Energy Consumption Work s s es se e s s ss os Entropy Lo Entropy Lo L Entropy

Earth

Entropy

Jean Vieille

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18

The enterprise black box: Energy Chain

Government Employees Shareholders Environment

Suppliers, Customers Partners Subcontractors Bankers, Insurers

Money Knowledge Energy

Negentropy Enterprise

Money Knowledge Energy

Entropy
Jean Vieille
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19

Opening the black box: Examples of enterprise structures (from PRM)

EXTERNAL ENTITIES

Corporate Management

Policies

Purchasing

RD&E

Marketing and Sales

Human Resources

Accounting

Vendor Contracts

Know How

Requirements

ManPower

ManuRequirements facturing Policies

FACTORY LEVEL 0.0

Jean Vieille

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20

Opening the black box: High level interactions
Shareholders Capital
Money In

Employees, Government, Bank, etc

Waste

Bank Government etc Customers

Benefit
Money Out

Company Profit

Investment, Inventory & Cash Flow
Money In

Business
Money Chain Money Out

Suppliers

Control
Knowledge In Design Chain Knowledge Out Energy R. Material Entropy
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F. Product

Energy Chain

Jean Vieille

21

Enterprise entropy

· ·

Many different forms of energy

· · · ·

Thermal, chemical, Electrical, Radiant, Nuclear, Magnetic, Elastic, Acoustic, Gravitational... Human resource: inefficiency, errors, tiredness, aging, illness, discontent .. Equipment resource: wear & tear, inefficiency, breakdown... Material & energy resource: waste, energetic balance, uselessness (decreasing relevancy)... Earth system feedback loops will correct or eliminate offenders

Many different forms of entropy

·

High entropy may satisfy short term financial goals

·

Jean Vieille

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22

Information, IT and Enterprise

· There are no Information System

· IT just adds to other information media
·

· Information is part of the system, of the enterprise · Not the attribute of a separate enterprise component · From people's memory, paper files, couriers, telephone,
pneumatic tubes, human brain, analog computers, mechanical marvels... ...To electronic data storage devices, networks, and computers

· IT makes possible more interactions, more
complexity, more knowledge, less entropy
Jean Vieille

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23

Agenda

· Introduction · Physics · The Industrial Enterprise System · Enterprise Architecture · ISA88/95 manufacturing modeling framework · Conclusion

Jean Vieille

Copyright © 2008 WBF. All rights reserved.

24

Enterprise System Control

· Enterprise is a complex, adaptive system · Control is not separate
Control system Operated system

· Many components interactions · Many feedback loops · Enterprise control is like Process control

Control System

Jean Vieille Equipment ISA88

Entity Concept

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25

Why an enterprise architecture?

· Entropy is impacted by knowledge, ·
organization, information EA helps for

· Understanding: describes enterprise spatiotemporal · ·
aspects (structures and interactions) Defining target improvements: design changes Monitoring achieved improvements: follow-up with changes implementation and effectiveness

Jean Vieille

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26

Why an Enterprise Architecture?

·

It is Architecture effort

· · · · · · ·

· ·

Unlike construction business, it is an ongoing activity in a living organism like an Enterprise Drafts AS-IS and prospective TO-BE Plan and monitor the construction / Changes Mainly informational Buildings and facilities are merely a facet EA too often IT focused Top-down, prescriptive approaches can kill the system by negating its complexity
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Enterprise is essentially a "virtual entity"

Pitfalls

Jean Vieille

27

Enterprise Architecture Modelling Frameworks

· EA relies on Models

· Many EA frameworks

· Express knowledge ­ relate to entropy... · PERA, CIMOSA, Zachman, TOGAF, FEAF, IAF... · Strong IT focus · High level meta-models, do not contradict more practical
models like ISA88/ISA95

Jean Vieille

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28

Jean Vieille

Copyright © 2008 WBF. All rights reserved.

29

Agenda

· Introduction · Physics · The Industrial Enterprise System · Enterprise Architecture · ISA88/95 manufacturing modeling framework · Conclusion

Jean Vieille

Copyright © 2008 WBF. All rights reserved.

30

ISA88/95 manufacturing architecture framework

· How ISA88/95 fit in EA

· EA frameworks address the whole enterprise
informational part of the enterprise

· This concept is well documented for describing the virtual, · Manufacturing is much more complex, needs "information
translation" from its physical nature.

· Manufacturing architecture is a sub part of EA · Information / System gap is harder to close!
manufacturing reality

· ISA88/95 helps to depict, understand and control the

· The next slide gives the big picture of an integrated
ISA88/95 manufacturing architecture framework
Jean Vieille
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31

figure 9

Manufacturing Architecture Dimensions Inventory Asset Management

Product Asset Management

Physical Asset Management

Human Asset Management

Operation Process Management

ISA95
Physical Process Management

Physical Process Control

ISA88
Equipment Control

ISA88 + ISA95

TOGAF ITIL

Jean Vieille

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32

IT Asset Management

figure 10

Ongoing Manufacturing Architecture

1b. Physical Modelling 2. Equipment Control Modelling

1a. Product Modelling 3. Process Procedural Modelling 4. Segments Modelling 5. Operation Process Modelling

1a. Inventory Modelling

1c. Human Modelling

IT modelling

Jean Vieille

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33

figure 11

Business/IT Convergence Processes
Strategy Management

Manage

IT Master Planning

Execute
Manufacturin g Architecture Functional Requirement s IT development IT Deployement

Use
IT Support & Maintain 6. OPE Operate

Information Technology Jean Vieille
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34

Agenda

· Introduction · Physics · The Industrial Enterprise System · Enterprise Architecture · ISA88/95 manufacturing modeling framework · Conclusion

Jean Vieille

Copyright © 2008 WBF. All rights reserved.

35

Wrap up

· · · ·

Entropy is a basic behaviour of nature

· · · · · · · · ·

Ongoing disorder - Arrow of time ­ Ignorance Complex, open Earth subsystems, subject to Entropy and Chaos Living organism: React by reorganizing, adapting itself permanently Information is its intimate, intrinsic component Manages ongoing enterprise construction, Enables IT convergence Manufacturing architecture is more complex, needs "translation" ISA88 and ISA95 are good candidate to support MA Should drive negentropic IT development. Working on measuring methods...
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Enterprises obey to physical laws

Enterprise Architecture

Entropy is the indicator of smartness

Jean Vieille

36

The 10 commandments of Systemic
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. Preserve variety Do not "open" regulatory loops Look for the points of amplification Re-establish equilibriums through decentralization Know how to maintain constraints Differentiate to integrate better To evolve, allow aggression Prefer objectives to detailed programming Know how to use operating energy Respect response times
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Jean Vieille

37

THE FORUM FOR AUTOMATION AND MANUFACTURING PROFESSIONALS

Questions?

Jean Vieille

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38


Johann Sebastian Bach. the music closest to silence, closest, in spite of its being so highly organized, to pure, one-hundred-degree proof Spirit" (Aldous Huxley, Island)